來源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源 作者:中考網(wǎng)整理 2020-03-17 18:24:31
除此之外,情態(tài)助動詞還有如下詞法和句法特征:
1) 除ought和used以外,其他情態(tài)動詞后面只能接不帶to的不定式。如果我們把ought to和used to看做是固定詞組的話,那么,所有情態(tài)動詞無一例外地只能接不帶to的不定式:
We used to grow beautiful roses.
I asked if he would come and repair my television set.
2) 情態(tài)助動詞在限定動詞詞組總是位居第一:
They need not have been punished so severely.
3) 情態(tài)助動詞用于第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時的時候,沒有詞形變化,即其詞尾無-s形式:
She dare not say what she thinks.
4) 情態(tài)動詞沒有非限定形式,即沒有不定式和分詞形式,也沒有相應(yīng)的動名詞:
Still, she needn t have run away.
5) 情態(tài)助動詞的“時”的形式并不是時間區(qū)別的主要標(biāo)志。在不少場合,情態(tài)助動詞的現(xiàn)在時和過去時形式都可以表示現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)頃r間:
Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?
She told him he ought not to have done it.
6) 情態(tài)助動詞之間是相互排斥的,即在一個限定動詞詞組中只能出現(xiàn)一個情態(tài)助動詞,但有時卻可以與have和be基本助動詞連用:
You should have washed the wound.
Well, you shouldn t be reading a novel.
用法
首先它是動詞,而且不同于行為動詞,行為動詞表示的是可以通過行為來表達(dá)的動作(如寫,讀,跑),而情態(tài)動詞只是表達(dá)的一種想法(如能,也許,敢)。
用法是:情態(tài)動詞+行為動詞原形
例句:I can read this sentence in English.
我能用英語讀這句話。
情態(tài)動詞是一種本身有一定的詞義,表示說話人的情緒,態(tài)度或語氣的動詞,但不能單獨作謂語,只能和其他動詞原形構(gòu)成謂語。
We can be there on time tomorrow.
我們明天能按時去那兒。
May I have your name?
我能知道你的名字嗎?
Shall we begin now?
我們現(xiàn)在就開始嗎?
You must obey the school rules.
你必須遵守校規(guī)。
功能
助動詞(auxiliary)主要有兩類:基本助動詞(primary auxiliary)和情態(tài)助動詞(modal auxiliary)。
基本助動詞有三個:do, have和be;
情態(tài)助動詞有十三個:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.
上述兩類助動詞的共同特征是,在協(xié)助主動詞構(gòu)成限定動詞詞組時,具有作用詞的功能:
1) 構(gòu)成否定式:
He didn t go and neither did she.
The meeting might not start until 5 o clock.
2) 構(gòu)成疑問式或附加疑問式:
Must you leave right now?
You have been learning French for 5 years, haven t you?
3) 構(gòu)成修辭倒裝:
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.
4) 代替限定動詞詞組:
A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him?
B: Yes, do.
用法要點
can, could
1) 表示能力(體力、知識、技能)。
Can you lift this heavy box?(體力)
Mary can speak three languages.(知識)
Can you skate?(技能)
此時可用be able to代替。Can只有一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去式;而be able to則有更多的時態(tài)。
I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.
當(dāng)表示“經(jīng)過努力才得以做成功某事”時應(yīng)用be able to,不能用Can。
如:He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.
2) 表示請求和允許。
Can I go now?
Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
此時可與may互換。在疑問句中還可用could,might代替,不是過去式,只是語氣更委婉,不能用于肯定句和答語中。
Could I come to see you tomorrow?
Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )
3) 表示客觀可能性(客觀原因形成的能力)。
They’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead.
This hall can hold 500 people at least.
4) 表示推測(驚訝、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度),用于疑問句、否定句和感嘆句中。
Can this be true?
This can’t be done by him.
How can this be true?
特別說明:
(1) could用來表示請求時,語氣委婉,主要用于疑問句,不能用于肯定句,答語應(yīng)用can(即:could不能用于現(xiàn)在時態(tài)的簡略答語中)。
Could I use your dictionary?
Yes, you can.(否定回答可用:No, I’m afraid not.)
此時可與may互換。在疑問句中還可用could,might代替,不是過去式,只是語氣更委婉,不能用于肯定句和答語中。
Could I come to see you tomorrow?
Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )
(2) can和be able to辨析
can(could)和be able to都可以表示能力,意思上沒有區(qū)別。但can只有現(xiàn)在式和過去式,而be able to則有更多的形式。
如:
I’ve always wanted to able to speak fluent English.
Those bags look really heavy, are you sure you’ll be able to carry them on your own?
但是,表示在過去某時的某一場合經(jīng)過一番努力,終于做成了某事,通常不用could,而用was/were able to來表示。could:有潛能,但并未做到,這時was/were able to相當(dāng)于managed to do或succeed in doing。
如:
After the accident it was a long time before she was able to walk again.
The fire was very big, but most people were able to escape from the building.
I can sing many English songs.
我會唱許多英文歌曲。
We were able to return to our campsite before the heavy rain.
我們在下大雨前設(shè)法會到了野營地。
He was able to swim across the river and escaped being caught.
他游到了河對岸,沒有被抓住。
在否定句中,can/could與be able t幾乎沒有什么差別,兩者可以互換。例如:
She wasn’t able to/couldn’t cook French dishes.
她不會做法國菜。
(3) 慣用形式“can not …too…”表示“無論怎么……也不(過分)”。
如:
You cannot be too careful.
你越小心越好。
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