2023年初中英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)：關(guān)于助動(dòng)詞

關(guān)于助動(dòng)詞： ①常見的助動(dòng)詞有：用于進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用于完成時(shí)的have(has,had,having) ;用于將來時(shí)的shall (should) ; will (would)和用于一般時(shí)的do(does,did) .②助動(dòng)詞必須同主語的人稱和數(shù)一致,也就是說因主語人稱、數(shù)的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助動(dòng)詞也可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：shall, will, should, would.(4)關(guān)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：① 常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare(dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面必須加動(dòng)詞的 原形。 ②can表示體力、腦力方面的能力或客觀的可能性�？谡Z中, 在詢問或說明一件事可不可以 做時(shí),常用“can”代替“may”。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“can”的過去式是“could”,否定式是“cannot” 通�？s寫成“can’t”,“could”的否定式是“could not”,通�？s寫成“couldn’t”。如：Can Ihelp you?(要幫忙嗎?)/ He can swim.(他會(huì)游泳)/ That can’t be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生) ③may表示允許、請(qǐng)求或可能性,用may提問時(shí),肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,you may.; 否定回答一般用can’t或mustn’t. 如：May I ask you a question?—Certainly.(可以問你一個(gè)問 題嗎?當(dāng)然可以)/ You may go now.(現(xiàn)在你可以走了)/ It may be in your pocket.(它可能在你的 衣袋里) ④must表示“必須”、“一定”的意思。表示“必須”時(shí)否定形式是 mustn’t;表示“一定” 時(shí),否定形式是“can’t” 如：We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我們過馬路時(shí) 一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack.( 那準(zhǔn)是杰克)/I haven’t seen Kate today. She can’t behere.(我今天沒有看到過凱特,她不可能在這里)[注意]用must(必須)進(jìn)行提問時(shí),肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t;用must(一定)進(jìn)行提 問時(shí),肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用can’t.如：Must we clean the room before weleave? –Yes,you must.或No,you needn’t.(我們走之前必須要打掃房間嗎?是的,必須打掃。/ 不,不需要。)/ Must she be in the romm? –Yes,she must.或No,she can’t.(她一定在房間里嗎? 是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。) ⑤ “have to”表示“不得不”、“必須”。We’ll have to leave now for it is very late at night.have to的疑問形式是：助動(dòng)詞+…+have to,否定形式是：助動(dòng)詞+not+have to或者用needn’t. 如：Do you have to stay until 8 o’clock?(你得呆到 8 點(diǎn)鐘嗎?)/ You don’t have to do so.(=Youneedn’t do so.)(你不用這么做) ⑥shall在問句中,可表示征求對(duì)方意見,與第一人稱連用;在陳述句的第二、三人稱的主語后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允許”等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?(我們這個(gè)周末去動(dòng)物園好嗎?)/ He shall bring his own book next time.(他下次必須帶自己的書來) ⑦should可表示“勸告”、“建議”、“驚奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely.(我們應(yīng)該禮貌地對(duì)老人講話)規(guī)則變?cè)�形�?dòng)詞結(jié)尾情況 現(xiàn)在時(shí)單三人稱 現(xiàn) 在 分 詞 過去式和過去分詞一般情況+s +ing +eds,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾+es +ing +ed輔音字母+y 結(jié)尾y→i,+es +ing y→i,+ed⑧will表示“意愿”、“決心”等意思,一般與第二人稱連用。如：Will you please closethe door for me?(請(qǐng)你替我把門關(guān)上好嗎?)/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要教訓(xùn)你一頓) ⑨would表示過去的“意愿”、“決心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returnedhome.(每次他回到家中總要坐在火爐邊)would也可以表示現(xiàn)在的情況,表達(dá)說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢龅囊��?語氣比“will”婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣。在日常會(huì)話中,“我想要…”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(I’d) like to”來表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment?(你現(xiàn)在想要休息一下嗎?)would還可以表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children aboutthe boy who would save his people.(每一年父母?jìng)兛偸窍蚝⒆觽冎v述這個(gè)將會(huì)拯救他的人民的男孩的事) ⑩need表示“需要”,用于疑問句或否定句。“need”作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),在肯定、否定、疑問句中都可以用。如：He needn’t do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做這件事)/ He needs somehelp.(他需要一些幫助)/ He doesn’t need to bring his football socks then.(那么他就無須帶上足球襪了) ⑾dare是“敢”的意思,用法幾乎與“need”完全相同,即在疑問句和否定句中,可以作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,后面用不帶“to”的動(dòng)詞不定式。在肯定句中和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一樣,后面的動(dòng)詞不定式要帶“to”。How dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢說我是個(gè)傻瓜?)/He didn’t dare to touch the redbutton.(他不敢觸碰那個(gè)紅色的按鈕) ⑿‘d better (do)(“最好是”)一般也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用,否定式是：’d better not (do).如：You’d better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在這兒不講話)/ You’d better not speak becausehe is sleeping.(你最好不要講話因?yàn)樗�正在睡覺)2、動(dòng)詞詞形變化一覽表：(1)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：be(am,is) was beenbe(are) were beenbeat beat beatenbecome became becomebegin began begunblow blew blownbreak broke brokenbring brought broughtbuild built builtbuy bought boughtcan couldcatch caught caughtchoose chose chosencome came comecost cost costcut cut cutdig dug duglose lost lostmake made mademay mightmean meant meantmeet met metmistake mistook mistakenmust mustpay paid paidput put putread read Readride rode riddenring rang rungrise rose risenrun ran runsay said saidsee saw seensell sold sold化重讀閉音節(jié)一元一輔 結(jié)尾+s雙寫輔音字母,+ing雙寫輔音字母,+ed不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾+s去掉e,+ing +die結(jié)尾+s ie→y,+ing +d不 規(guī) 則 變 化have→has;be→is(無) (見不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化 表)注意：①在加ing或 ed 時(shí)動(dòng)詞如果以“r”結(jié)尾,尾音節(jié)又重讀的動(dòng)詞,“r”應(yīng)雙寫。②s/es的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀[s];在濁輔音后和元音后讀[z];在[s]、[F]、[z]、[tF]、 [dV]后讀[iz].③ed的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀[t];在濁輔音后和元音后讀[d];在[t]、[d]后讀[id].(2)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：(原形 → 過去式 → 過去分詞)do did donedraw drew drawndrink drank drunkdrive drove driveneat ate eatenfall fell fallenfeel felt feltfind found foundfly flew flownforget forgot forgot/forgottenfreeze froze frozenget got gotgive gave givengo went gonegrow grew grownhang hung/hanged hung/hangedhave(has) had hadhear heard heardhide hid hiddenhit hit hithold held heldhurt hurt hurtkeep kept keptknow knew knownlay laid laidlearn learnt/learned learnt/learnedleave left leftsend sent sentset set setshall shouldshine shone shoneshow showed shownshut shut shutsing sang sungsink sank/sunk sunk/sunkensit set setsleep slept sleptsmell smelt smeltspeak spoke spokenspend spent spentspill spilt spiltspoil spoilt spoiltstand stood stoodsweep swept sweptswim swam swumtake took takenteach taught taughttell told toldthink thought thoughtthrow threw thrownunderstand understood understoodwake woke/waked woken/wakedwear wore wornwill wouldlend lent lentlet let letlie lay lainwin wonwonwrite wrotewitten一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí) 一 般 將 來 時(shí) 現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí)I am….(I等各人稱)will be….I amHe/She/It isbe…We/You/They aregoing toI have been….You are.…You have been….He/She/It is…. She/he/It has been….We/You/They are…. We/You/They have been….一 般 過 去 時(shí) 過 去 將 來 時(shí) 過 去 完 成 時(shí)I was….(I等各人稱)would be….I had been….You were.… I was You had been….He/She/It was…. He/She/It was going to She/he/It had been….We/You/They were…. be… We/You/They had been….We/You/They were現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí) 現(xiàn) 在 進(jìn) 行 時(shí) 一 般 將 來 時(shí)現(xiàn) 在 完 成時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞用原形(單三 加s / es) (問句和否定句借amisare+動(dòng)詞-ingwill+ 動(dòng)詞原形amis +going to+動(dòng)詞原h(huán)ave+ 過去分 詞has用助詞do / does) 形are3、be(“是/存在”)動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化：注意：句型變化時(shí), 否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would后面加 not,而且 not 都可以縮寫為 n’t (am 后面 not 不可以縮寫); 疑問句將am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would提前到句首。4、其它謂語動(dòng)詞(主動(dòng)語態(tài))的時(shí)態(tài)變化一覽表：過去時(shí)態(tài)一 般 過 去 時(shí) 過 去 進(jìn) 行 時(shí) 過 去 將 來 時(shí)過 去 完 成時(shí)動(dòng)詞用過去式was-ingwere+ 動(dòng) 詞would+ 動(dòng)詞原形had+ 過 去 分謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成(問句和否定句借 用助詞did)was+going to+動(dòng)詞原形 詞were(1)②5、八種時(shí)態(tài)的具體用法：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)�；蛄�(xí)慣發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),或說明主語的特征。 ① 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)句子中常有的時(shí)間狀語：often,usually,sometimes,always,every(day等 ),once/twice,a(week等),on(Sunday等),never,in the(morning等)。如：They go to the PalaceMuseum once a year.(他們每年去一次故宮)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他們 經(jīng)常在晚上商談生意) 表示客觀真理、事實(shí)、人的技能或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)時(shí)句子里一般不用時(shí)間狀語。如：The earthturns round the sun.(地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn))/ Light travels faster than sound.(光傳播比聲音快)③表示十分確定會(huì)發(fā)生(如安排好的事情)或按照時(shí)間表進(jìn)行的事情,用一般現(xiàn)在可以表達(dá)將來,句子中可以有將來時(shí)間。如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(開往漢口的列車上午 8 點(diǎn)開車)④在時(shí)間狀語從句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引導(dǎo))和條件狀語從句中(以if,unless引導(dǎo)),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí),句子可以有將來時(shí)間。如：Please ringme up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德國就給我打電話)/ If it rains tomorrow,wewill have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我們就只好呆在家)⑤一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用于倒裝句中可以表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)詞以come, go為主。如：Here comesthe bus.(車來了)/ There goes the bell.(鈴響了)。⑥一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用于體育比賽的解說或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the balland he keeps it.⑦人的心理活動(dòng)和感官動(dòng)作一般用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)而不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá),常見動(dòng)詞有：like,love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think( 認(rèn) 為 ),understand, remember, forget, mean, need,hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoyyour stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在這兒)(2)一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)可能是一次性,也可 能經(jīng)常 發(fā)生。 ① 表示過去具體時(shí)刻發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：at (eight) (yesterday morning),(tenminutes) ago, when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六點(diǎn) 鐘起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小湯姆今天早上九點(diǎn)半 把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走 進(jìn)房間時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)陌生人正和他父親談話) ② 表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)不知何時(shí)發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last(year等),in(1998等)。如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他 2000 年來到我們市) ③ 表示過去一個(gè)階段中經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：last…, in…, from…to…, for(10years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr Jackson usually went to eveningschools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him. ④ 講故事、對(duì)過去經(jīng)歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過去事件等一般用過去時(shí),而且經(jīng)常省略時(shí) 間 狀語。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)(3)一般將來時(shí)表示將來某一時(shí)刻或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 ①一般將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon,someday,sometime, in the future, when引導(dǎo)的從句等。 ② 用will構(gòu)成的將來時(shí),表示動(dòng)作與人的主觀愿望無關(guān)。“shall”用于第一人稱,“will” 用于所有人稱。如：I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要從這所中學(xué)畢業(yè)了)/You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一個(gè)人過了) ③ “am/is/are going to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示打算或準(zhǔn)備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發(fā)生 的事情,而“am/is/are to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示安排或計(jì)劃中的動(dòng)作。如：A man told them thatthe woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一個(gè)人告訴他們那個(gè)婦女就會(huì)生下那個(gè)特 別的男孩)/It’s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了) ④ 表示一個(gè)人臨時(shí)決定要做某事,可以用will表達(dá)。如：I will go to the lab to get somechemicals(化學(xué)藥劑). So please wait until I return.(我要到化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室去取些藥品,請(qǐng)等我回 頭) ⑤ 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可以表示將來。(見相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)) ⑥shall和will在口語的一些疑問句中相當(dāng)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。Shall 一般與第一人稱連用,will與第二人稱連用。如：Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我們下周六去動(dòng)物園好嗎?)/Will you please open the door for me?(替我把門打開好嗎?) ⑦ “be to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示按照計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生的事情。如：An angel came to tellher that she was to have this special boy.(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或是現(xiàn)階段正發(fā)生而此刻不一定在進(jìn) 行的動(dòng)作。 ① 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞be (am is are )+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 ② 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有： now, this …, these…等,但經(jīng)常不用。如：What are youdoing up in the tree?(你在樹上干什么?)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫一 本長篇小說) ③ 表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常見的動(dòng)詞有：come, go, stay, leave,spend, do等。如：I’m coming now.( 我就來)/ What are you doing tomorrow?( 你明天干什 么?)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了) ④ 表示頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭 等感情色彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some timelater.(他老是向我借錢,過一些時(shí)候就忘得一干二凈)(5)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 ① 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)由“was(第一、三人稱單數(shù))或were(第二人稱單數(shù)和各人稱的復(fù)數(shù))+現(xiàn)在分 詞”構(gòu)成。 ② 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday(morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：He was cooking supper thistime yesterday.(昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when Isaw her.(我看到小女孩的時(shí)候她正在玩玩具) ③ 用于賓語從句或時(shí)間狀語從句中,表示與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行而且是延續(xù)時(shí)間較長。句子中 通常不用時(shí)間狀語。如：She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路過時(shí)看到事情的 發(fā)生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們?cè)诤诎档纳��?里走時(shí)唱了很多歌) ④ 也可以表示過去一個(gè)階段頻繁發(fā)生或反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與 always 等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚(yáng)、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如：He was always borrowing money from me when helived here.(他住在這里時(shí)老向我借錢)(6)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)發(fā)生在過去的、對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作,或表示開始在 過去,并且一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至還可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。 ①在完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have (has)+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。 ②表示發(fā)生在過去的對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：already, yet, just, once, twice,ever,never,three times, before等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before.(我以前從來沒有 看過這么好的畫)/ He has just gone to England.(他剛?cè)ビ��? ③表示在過去開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能延續(xù)下去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：for (twoyears),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。如：I have been away frommy hometown for thirty years.(我離開家鄉(xiāng)有 30 年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factorysince it opened.(自從這家工廠開張,王叔叔一直在那兒工作) ④口語中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如：They have got thousands of books in theirlibrary.(他們圖書館有上萬本書) ⑤have been to與have gone to的區(qū)別：have gone to(“已經(jīng)去了”)表示人不在這里,have beento(“去過”)表示人在這里。如：--Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里? 他去了英國。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times.(你知道北京的情況嗎?是的,我去過那里三次。) ⑥在完成時(shí)中,一個(gè)瞬間性動(dòng)詞(一次性動(dòng)作)不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,此時(shí)須將該瞬 間動(dòng)詞改為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。具體變化見下表： →瞬間性動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)havehas(had)(already) gone to…come to…left…arrived…died延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)havehas(had)been in / at … for (two years)been here since (1990)been away from…been in…been deadIt is / has been +(多久)+ since +主語(人)+謂語(過去時(shí))+……+過去時(shí)間狀語begunendedbought...borrowed…joined…been onbeen overhad…kept…been in …或者使用下面這個(gè)句型：[注意]在其它的時(shí)態(tài)中也存在類似問題,記住,關(guān)鍵是：瞬間動(dòng)詞不能和表達(dá)一段時(shí)間的狀 語連用。如：How long may I keep the book?( 這本書我能借多久?)( 句子中keep取代了borrow)(7)過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。簡言 之, 過去完成時(shí)所表示的時(shí)間是“過去的過去”。 ①過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。 ②過去完成時(shí)時(shí)間狀語有：by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或者由when,before等引出狀語從句。有時(shí)句子中會(huì)有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語,也會(huì)有for…或since…構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語。如：They had already finished cleaning the classroom when theirteacher came.( 當(dāng)老師來的時(shí)候他們已經(jīng)打掃完了教室 )/ The woman had left before herealized she was a cheat.(在他發(fā)覺那個(gè)婦女是個(gè)騙子時(shí)她已經(jīng)走掉了) ③過去完成時(shí)常用于賓語從句中、after引導(dǎo)的從句中,或者從句是before引導(dǎo)的主句中。 如：After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進(jìn) 了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說他以前從來沒有見過袋鼠)(8)過去將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)表示在過去預(yù)計(jì)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 ①過去將來時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞should(第一人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。在美 國英語中,過去將來時(shí)的助動(dòng)詞一律用“would+動(dòng)詞原形”。 ②過去將來時(shí)常由于賓語從句中,時(shí)間狀語有：later, soon, the next (day). ③在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中不可以使用過去將來時(shí),而應(yīng)該使用一般過去時(shí)。如：He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答應(yīng)付給我許多錢 如果我?guī)椭�他搞那個(gè)項(xiàng)目 )/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read somebooks.(每次只要他有空他就會(huì)坐下來看看書)④表示純粹的將來時(shí)用would或should,表示打算或主觀認(rèn)為的事情用was/were going to(+ 動(dòng)詞原形)。如：She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告訴我她下個(gè)月就 18 歲了)/She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告訴我她打算帶她的寵物狗 去散步) ⑤過去將來時(shí)還可以表示一個(gè)過去經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。如：When it rained in the day, he wouldbring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨時(shí)他會(huì)隨身帶一把雨傘)(9)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指一個(gè)從過去就開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并由可能繼續(xù) 下去的動(dòng)作,它具有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)雙重特征,結(jié)構(gòu)是：“have/has + been +動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn) 在分詞”。如：I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已經(jīng)在冰冷的水 里游了將近兩個(gè)小時(shí))/ How long have you been waiting here?(你在這里一直等了多久?)6、被動(dòng)語態(tài)：(1)被動(dòng)語態(tài)定義：被動(dòng)語態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式,用來說明主語與謂語動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。 如果主語是 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(即某人做某事),便叫主動(dòng)語態(tài);如果主語是動(dòng)作的承受者(即某 事被做),便叫被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)的區(qū)別不是詞序的區(qū)別,而是主語與謂語意義上的區(qū)別。 在英語中只有及物動(dòng)詞和一些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的詞組才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式。(2)英語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的 變化。被動(dòng)語態(tài)后的 by 短語有時(shí)可省去。具體結(jié)構(gòu)見下表：[注]p.p.表示過去分詞。(1)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法： ① 不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(即不知道誰做)時(shí)用被動(dòng)語態(tài),省略 by 短語。如：A man was現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 一 般 將 來 時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu) 成amis +p.p.areamis+being+p.p.arewill + be+p.p.amis +going to+ be + p.p.arehave(has)+been+p.p.過去時(shí)態(tài)一般過去時(shí) 過 去 進(jìn) 行 時(shí) 過 去 將 來 時(shí) 過去完成時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu) 成was p.p.werewas+being+p.p.werewould +be+p.p.was+going to+be+p.p.werehad +been+p.p.killed in the accident.(一個(gè)人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(這扇窗子是昨天 被打破的)②不說或者眾所周知是誰做時(shí),用被動(dòng)語態(tài),省略 by 短語。如：Rice is also grown in thisplace.(這個(gè)地方也種水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后這里將要修建 一條鐵路)③強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者,句尾加 by 短語。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(書)是魯迅寫的)/ A petdog is never killed by its owner.(寵物狗是不會(huì)被主人宰殺的)(2)主動(dòng)語態(tài)如何改寫為被動(dòng)語態(tài)： 主動(dòng)句：主語(人 ) +謂語(及物動(dòng)詞) + (人/物) + 其他 + 狀語 (動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者) (各 態(tài) (動(dòng)作的承受者) 被動(dòng)句：主語(人/物) +謂語(及物動(dòng)詞) + by +人/物+ 其他 + 狀語 (動(dòng)作的承受者) (be +過去分詞) (動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者)(3)注意點(diǎn)：①“動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),可以用間接賓語做被動(dòng)句的主語。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老師給 他一本字典→他得到老師一本字典) 也可以用直接賓語做被動(dòng)句的主語,但是需用 to 或者 for 引出原句的間接賓語。如：His teachergave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→一.. 本字典由老師送給了他 )/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his...father.(他的父親給他做了一個(gè)風(fēng)箏→一個(gè)風(fēng)箏由他的父親做給了他)②“動(dòng)詞+賓語+動(dòng)詞原形”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),動(dòng)詞原形前要加 to.如：The boss made the poor manwork 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板讓這個(gè)可憐的人 .. 一天工作 12 小時(shí)→這個(gè)可憐人被迫一天工作 12 小時(shí))③“動(dòng)詞+…+介詞”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),介詞一般在原位不動(dòng)。如：The girl takes good care of her little..+不定式謂語動(dòng)詞(vt.) (作賓[說明]語)brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顧小弟弟→女孩的小弟 .. 弟由她照顧著)④“be+過去分詞”未必表示被動(dòng)語態(tài),而可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高興/焦慮/疲勞……)He was hit / knocked down / told / shot /…….(被動(dòng))(他被擊中/撞倒/關(guān)照/射中……)7、動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式：動(dòng)詞不做謂語時(shí)的固定形式。(1)動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式包括動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞三種形式;其中分詞又包含現(xiàn)在分詞 和 過去分詞兩種形式。它們?cè)诰渥又胁荒軉为?dú)作謂語。(2)動(dòng)詞不定式：① 形式：動(dòng)詞不定式基本形式由“不定式記號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。它的否定形式只要在 “to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑問形式是：“wh-疑問詞+to+動(dòng)詞原形”。*它的被動(dòng)形式：“tobe+過去分詞”。*它的完成形式：“to have+過去分詞”。 ② 動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,即可以在句子中作主語、賓語、定語、狀 語、表語和賓語補(bǔ)足語。但不定式也保留動(dòng)詞的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟賓語、表語 和狀語。動(dòng)詞不定式加上相關(guān)成分就構(gòu)成不定式短語。 ③ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以放在謂語前句子作主語。但是通常將作主語的動(dòng)詞不定式或不定式短語 放在謂語后面,而在主語位置用“it”作形式主語(有時(shí)在不定式的前面還會(huì)用for sb.表示不定 式的邏輯主語) 。如：To help animals is helping people.( 幫助動(dòng)物就是幫助人)/ It is verydifficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.(( 對(duì)于我們而言)學(xué)好漢語是非常的困難)/ It took mehalf an hour to work out this problem.(解出這道題花了我一個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間) ④ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以作謂語動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)的賓語。[A]及物動(dòng)詞+不定式一般形式：want(想)/ try(試圖)/ decide(決定)/ wouldlike( 想要 )/ hope( 希望 )/ love( 喜愛 )/learn(學(xué)會(huì)) /afford(提供) /agree(同意) /fail( 失 敗 、 未 能 ) /mean( 意 味 著 ) /prefer(寧愿) /wish(希望)+ to (do)(無)help(幫助)to可以省略begin(開始)/ start(開始)/hate(憎恨) 也可跟動(dòng)名詞,意義變化不 大forget(忘記)/ remember(記得)/ like(總愛) 也可跟動(dòng)名詞,意義變化較 大 如：I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我現(xiàn)在想休息一下)/ They began to searchthe room for the thief.(他們開始在屋子里搜尋小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool nearhis house.(他喜愛在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么時(shí)候 開始學(xué)英語的?)/ Don’t forget to close the door when you leave.(你離開時(shí)別忘了關(guān)門[比較]He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了關(guān)燈.) (沒關(guān))/He forgot turning off the light.(他忘 記關(guān)過燈.)( 關(guān)了) /Please remember to ring me up.( 記得給我打電話.)( 還沒打電話 ) /Iremember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我記得昨天給你打電話了,但是你忘記了.)(打 過電話)[B]及物動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+不定式：謂語動(dòng)詞(vt.) +wh-疑問詞+不定式(作賓語) [說明]tell(告訴) /show(顯示) /know(知道) /whatwhere+howwhowhich……+ to (do)不定式疑問ask( 問 ) /find out( 發(fā)現(xiàn) ) /understand形式還可以 ( 明白 ) /wonder( 疑惑 ) /learn( 學(xué)會(huì) ) / 作句子的主forget( 忘記 ) /remember( 記得 ) /teach語、表語等。sb.(教某人) /discuss(商討) 如：He does not know which one to take.(他不知道該選哪個(gè))/ Tell me how to get to thestation.(告訴我怎么樣去火車站)/ She asked me what to do for today’s homework.(她問我今天 家庭作業(yè)做什么)/Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎樣上網(wǎng)嗎?)[B]在這種情況下,如果不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,則后面必須加介詞。如：They could not find a place to live in.( 他們找不到住的地方 )/ Please give me a chair to siton.(請(qǐng)給我一張椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to write with.((他找到了寫字的毛筆)[C]不定式作賓語而后面又有賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),通常用 it 代替作形式賓語,而不定式則后置。 如：I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)騎車不很容易) ⑤ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作定語,放在名詞或代詞后面。[A]記住下面的一些結(jié)構(gòu)：被修飾部分+不定式(作后置定語)漢 語 意 思a key to lock the door鎖門的鑰匙a box to hold these things裝這些東西的箱子give her a book to read給她一本書讀Is there any(+名詞/代詞)to (do)?有…要(做的)嗎?It’s time to go.是走的時(shí)間了。/ 該走了。Do you have any work to do?你有工作要做嗎?I’d like something to eat.我要點(diǎn)兒吃的。I have nothing to say.我沒有話要說。Would you like something to drink?你要點(diǎn)兒喝的嗎? ⑥ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作狀語,有下列幾種情況：[A]放在不及物動(dòng)詞(come, go, stop, finish, wait等詞 ) 的后面。如：He came to see heryesterday.( 他昨天來看望她)( 表示來的目的 )/I stopped to have a rest.( 我停下來休息一會(huì) 兒)(表示停下來的目的)[B]放在完整的謂語之后(即“謂語+賓語”、“謂語+賓語+補(bǔ)語”、“動(dòng)詞+表語”之后)。如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我們打掃了房間以便讓他在里面玩)/ I opened thewindow to see more clearly.(我打開窗子以便看得更清楚點(diǎn)兒)[C]有時(shí)表示目的的不定式短語可以放在句首。如：To arrive there on time,I got up onehour earlier than usual.(為了按時(shí)到達(dá),我們比平時(shí)早起了一個(gè)小時(shí))(表示早起的目的)[注意]stop to do與stop doing的不同。如：They stopped to have a look.(他們停下來看看)(不 定式作“停下來”的目的狀語)/They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen tothe teahcher.(他們停止向窗外望,開始聽老師講課)(動(dòng)名詞作賓語,表示“停止”的內(nèi)容)⑦ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作表語,限用于連系動(dòng)詞之后。如：My job is to keep thegoal.(我的工作就是守住球門) ⑧ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作復(fù)合賓語中的賓語補(bǔ)足語。謂 語 動(dòng) 詞(vt.)+賓語(人/物)+不定式(作賓語補(bǔ)足語)ask(請(qǐng))/ tell(關(guān)照)/ teach(教)/ want(想要)/would like( 想 要 )/ get( 讓 )/ help( 幫 )/invite(邀請(qǐng))/ like(喜歡)/ warn(警告) / +sb. / sth.+to (do)make( 使得 ) /let( 讓 )/ hear( 聽 )/ see( 看 )/feel( 感覺 )/ watch( 觀看 )/have( 使得 )/help(幫助) +sb. / sth.+(do)如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(媽媽叫我?guī)椭�她做�?/ I would like you tosee my parents.( 我想要你見見我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours aday.(老板常讓工人們一天工作 14 小時(shí))/ Now let me hear you play the violin.(現(xiàn)在讓我來聽你 拉小提琴)[注意]help之后做賓補(bǔ)的不定式符號(hào)to可以省略;hear / see / feel / watch之后的賓 補(bǔ)用不定式與現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí),含義不同,需特別注意,(參見現(xiàn)在分詞部分)。試比較：I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路過時(shí)聽到她正在哭)(指當(dāng)時(shí)瞬間的情況)I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近聽她唱新歌)(指整個(gè)過 程)(3)動(dòng)名詞①動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾“ing”構(gòu)成。動(dòng)名詞有動(dòng)詞的特征,可以跟賓語,可以被狀語修 飾;它也有名詞的特征,在句子中可以作主語、賓語(包括介詞賓語)等。動(dòng)名詞加相關(guān)詞語(賓 語或狀語等)構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語。②動(dòng)名詞可以作主語。一般可用it作形式主語而將動(dòng)名詞短語后移。如：Learning Englishall by yourself is not so easy.(自學(xué)好英語不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all byyourself.)③動(dòng)名詞可以作賓語。[A]want / need之后用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),含有被動(dòng)意思。如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的車急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理發(fā)。)(頭發(fā)被理)[B]remember / forge / stop / finish之后用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),與用不定式含義不同。如：I forgot to write aletter to him.(我忘了給他寫封信)(根本沒寫) /I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫過 信)(寫了卻忘了) /They stopped to look back.(他們停下來向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) /They stopped looking back.(他們停止向后看)(不向后看了)[C]enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等詞一般用動(dòng)名詞作賓語。如：Do you mind my closing thedoor?( 把門關(guān)上你介意嗎? )/ She hates travelling by air.( 她討厭坐飛機(jī)旅行 )/They wentswimming every afternoon.(他們每天下午去游泳)/I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜歡在 鎮(zhèn)上轉(zhuǎn)悠)[D]like / love / start / begin / learn后面用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),與用不定式意思相近或相同。如：Webegan to study English when we were at primary school.(我們?cè)谛�學(xué)時(shí)就開始學(xué)英語了)/ Webegan studying English when we were at primary school. (我們?cè)谛�學(xué)時(shí)就開始學(xué)英語了) ④ 動(dòng)名詞可以作表語,此時(shí)特別注意不要與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)混淆。如：My job is putting these partstogether.(我的事情是把這些部件拼起來) /I am putting these parts together.(我正在把這些部 .. 件拼起來) ⑤ 動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成相同,但是含義不同,動(dòng)名詞主要表示事情,而現(xiàn)在分詞則主要表示 進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作。如：Eating too much is not good for your health. ( 動(dòng)名詞短語, 作主語) /Seeing is believing.(動(dòng)名詞短語,分別作主語和表語) /He ran after a moving bus and got ontoit.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作定語) /His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作賓補(bǔ))(4)分詞： 包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。(高中學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn)) ① 主要區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞一般有主動(dòng)的意思或表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的意思;過去分詞有被動(dòng) 或動(dòng) 作已經(jīng)完成的意思。分詞可以有自己的賓語或狀語。 ② 分詞或分詞短語在句子中作定語、狀語和復(fù)合賓語等。[A]作定語：分詞作定語時(shí),一般要放在修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語作定語時(shí),則要放在所修飾 的名詞之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) /The woman running after the thiefshouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”(跟著小偷追的婦女大喊：捉小偷!) /Yesterday I meta man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇見了一個(gè)名叫布萊克先生的人)/ He only gave me a brokenglass,so I was very angry with him.(他只給了我一個(gè)壞玻璃杯,所以我很生他的氣)[B]現(xiàn)在分詞可以作下列動(dòng)詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語。(參考不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語)謂語動(dòng)詞(vt.)賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語keep(保持) /see(看到) /hear(聽到) /watch(注意到) /feel(感覺到)sb./sth. (do)ing如：Mum kept me working all the week.(媽媽讓我一個(gè)星期都在工作)/ When I enteredthe room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我進(jìn)入房間時(shí)看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the darkI felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有個(gè)冷的東西在我的腳上移動(dòng))[C]現(xiàn)在分詞可以作狀語,表示伴隨情況。如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile ofpapers in her hand.(他走進(jìn)教室,手上抓著一沓紙)/ I am very busy these days getting ready forthe coming oral test.(這些日子我正忙著準(zhǔn)備即將來到的口語考試)[D]過去分詞可以作表語,放在連系動(dòng)詞后面,但要注意不要與被動(dòng)語態(tài)混淆,“主系表”主要 表示狀態(tài),而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則表示動(dòng)作。常用過去分詞作表語的結(jié)構(gòu)有：be worried(焦慮) /bepleased(高興) /be tired( 疲勞) /get dressed( 打扮好) /get lost( 迷路) /get caught( 遭遇) /beome frustrated(沮喪) /become intereted in(對(duì)…感興趣)等等。例略。[E]過去分詞可以作賓語補(bǔ)足語。如：I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我讓人給我 理了發(fā))(注意：have sth. done表示動(dòng)作由別人來做,而have done sth.則為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu), 兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)不可以混淆)8、動(dòng)詞用法辨析：(1)“Why not+動(dòng)詞原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是簡略句,完全形式是：Why don’t you+動(dòng)詞原 形+…?如：Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看?)/ Why not try it once again?(為什么 不再試試?)(2)seem(好象)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：①sb./sth. + seem + (to be+)形容詞+…;②sb./sth. + seem+ like +…;③sb/sth + seem + to (do);④It seems that+ 從句。如：He seemed (to be) very happywhen he was called by the headmaster.( 被校長叫到名字時(shí)他好象很開心 )/ It seems that nobodyelse could do such a foolish thing except Jim. (除了吉姆好象沒有什么人會(huì)做出如此愚 蠢的事情來)(3)be afraid(害怕)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：①be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing);②be afraid to(do);③be afraid that+從句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有點(diǎn)怕蛇)/ Don’t be so afraid tostay at home alone at night.(別害怕晚上一個(gè)人在家)/ I’m afraid that somebody willtake his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了,因?yàn)樗�犯了那么大的錯(cuò)誤) (4)be sorry(抱歉)的用法：記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：①be sorry for (sth); ②be sorry for (doing sth); ③be sorry to (do); ④be sorry that+從句。如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long.(不 好意思讓你久等了)I am sorry to trouble you.(對(duì)不起,麻煩你了)/ I am sorry (that) he isn’t hereat the moment.(恐怕他現(xiàn)在不在) (5)be sure(確信)的用法： 記住幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)： ①be sure of (sth); ②be sure to(do); ③be surethat+從句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她給我講過多次她一定會(huì) 來的)/ Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it’s wrong.(你對(duì)你的答案有把握嗎?也許是錯(cuò) 的。)/ I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我確信爸爸會(huì)幫著我做這件事情的) (6)make與do的用法：一般情況下表示進(jìn)行活動(dòng)或者做工作用do,表示創(chuàng)造建構(gòu)某事物用make.如：I don’t know what to do.(我不知道該干什么)/ I’m not going to do any work.(我不準(zhǔn) 備做什么)/ My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾經(jīng)做過一只船) 此外還要記住一些固定說法：do good / harm / business / one’s best / a favour……make a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,...(7)put on、wear、have…on、be in、try on、dress的用法：put on強(qiáng)調(diào)“穿、戴”這個(gè)動(dòng)作 過程,wear則表示“穿著、戴著”這一狀態(tài),have+衣物+on 主要表示狀態(tài),be in(+顏色/衣物) 也是表示一個(gè)狀況,dress(+人)表示“給…人穿衣”。如：Please put on your new shoes.(請(qǐng)穿上 你的新鞋)/ The twins are wearing the same clothes.(雙胞胎穿著相同的衣服)/ Today she hasan overcoat on.(今天她穿著一件大衣)/ Do you know the woman who is in black?(你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè) 身穿黑衣的女人嗎?)/ Dad is dressing Tom now.(爹正在給湯姆穿衣)[注意]dress與wear或put on的區(qū)別：wear或put on常用衣物作賓語,而dress常用人作賓 語。表示給自己穿衣時(shí)常用“get dressed”或“dress oneself”表達(dá)。be dressed in與wear基本同義。dress up意為“ 穿上盛裝、喬裝打扮” 。如：Could you dress the baby forme?(你能替我給寶寶穿衣嗎?)/ He is eight but can’t dress himself.(他八歲了,還不會(huì)穿衣服)/She was dressed in a red coat.( 她穿著一件紅上衣)/ Do I have to dress up to go to Jim’sparty?(我得穿上好衣服去參加吉姆的聚會(huì)嗎?) (8)like、love與enjoy的用法：三個(gè)詞都含有“喜歡”的意思,但是,like和enjoy后面跟動(dòng)名 詞,love后面一般跟動(dòng)詞不定式。like后面有時(shí)跟動(dòng)詞不定式,表示一種習(xí)慣或嗜好(往往與具 體的時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)有關(guān))。enjoy后面還可以加名詞、反身代詞,表示“享受…樂趣;玩得開心”。如：Do you like shopping?(你喜歡購物嗎?)/ He likes to have a swim when he gets home everyafternoon.(每天下午放學(xué)后他總愛游個(gè)泳)/ They love to sing foreign songs.(他們喜愛唱外國 歌曲)/ Did you enjoy yourself at the party?( 在聚會(huì)上你玩得開心嗎?)/ He enjoys living inChina.(他喜歡在中國生活) (9)study、learn的用法：study主要表示“學(xué)習(xí)、研究”,指過程;而learn主要表示“學(xué)會(huì)”, 指結(jié)果。表示“學(xué)”時(shí)可以互換。如：How many subjects do you study?(你學(xué)多少門課程?) /Have you learned it yet?( 這 個(gè) 你 學(xué) 過 了 嗎 ? )/ How long have you studied/learnedEnglish?(你學(xué)英語多久了?)learn還可以表示“聽說”,如：He learned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂 家本人就在城里)(10)think、want、would like的用法：三個(gè)詞都含有“想”的意思,但think指“思考、考慮”,want指“想要、愿望、企圖”,would like指“想要”,think 后面一般跟介詞短語或從句,want和would like后面跟名詞或動(dòng)詞不定式。如：Do you think that China will become a developedcountry in 40 years?(你認(rèn)為中國會(huì)在 40 年后成為發(fā)達(dá)國家嗎?)/ I am thinking of themoneyI once lent to Li Min.((我正在想著以前借給黎敏的錢)/ What do you really want to say?(你到 底想干什么?)/ Which of these cakes would you like (to have)?(這些餅子中你想吃哪些?)(11)look for、search…for、find、find out的用法：前面兩個(gè)詞語表示動(dòng)作過程,后面兩個(gè)表示結(jié) 果,look for指“尋找” 不見的或丟失的東西,但還沒有找到;search…for…指“為找…而搜 尋…”;find指“找到”了東西;find out主要指“查明一個(gè)事實(shí)真相”。如：Hey, Monkey,what are you looking for in the cupboard?(嘿,猴兒!你在廚子里面找什么呢?)/ Have you foundthe lost key to your car?(你找著丟失的車鑰匙了嗎?)/ The soldiers were searching the room for thespy when they heard a loud noise.(士兵們正在房間里面搜尋間諜突然間他們聽到了衣聲巨響)/Let’s try to find out who broke the window.(讓我們查查誰把窗子打破了)[注解]find的幾個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：find sb. sth“為某人找到…”,find sth./sb. + adj./n“.發(fā)覺某人是…”,findit +adj. + to do…(或+賓語從句)“發(fā)現(xiàn)(做……)如何”。如：His mother found her daughter avery clever girl.(他的母親發(fā)現(xiàn)她的女兒是個(gè)聰明的女孩)(名詞作補(bǔ)語補(bǔ)足語)/ You can easilyfind it not good for your health to eat cold food.(你很容易就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)吃冷食對(duì)你的身體是不利 的)(12)listen to、hear的用法：兩個(gè)詞與聽覺有關(guān),listen to指“聽”這一過程,hear指“聽到”這一 結(jié)果。如：Are you listening to me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words.(吉姆,你在聽我說嗎?是的,你的話我全聽見了) (13)look、see、watch、read的用法：四個(gè)詞均與眼睛有關(guān),look指放眼去“看”(不管是否看 得到),指“看”的過程;see指“看見”這一結(jié)果,有時(shí)see還引申為“明白”,表示“看”時(shí) 后面加“電影”等詞;watch指專注的看,含有“注視、監(jiān)視”之義,后面常跟“電視、比賽”等 詞;read限制為看書面材料,譯為“看、閱讀”,后面跟“書、報(bào)紙、雜志”等詞。如：What areyou looking at?(你在看什么?)/ Please look at the blackboard.(請(qǐng)看黑板)/ Let me go tosee the film, mum, will you?( 媽媽 , 讓我去看電影吧 , 好嗎? )/ He won’t feel well until hefinishes watching the football match.( 要看完了足球賽他才會(huì)感覺好些)/ Reading gives usknowledge.(閱讀給我們知識(shí))(14)hear、hear of、hear from、learn的用法：hear“聽說”,后面可以跟名詞、代詞、從句 表示聽見的內(nèi)容,hear of“聽說”,后面跟人,指對(duì)某人有耳聞但沒有見過面;hear from“收 到……的來信”,后面加人;learn“聽說、得知”,后面跟從句,含義與hear相似。如：I hearMr Green is coming to see us tonight.( 我聽說格林先生今晚要來看望我們)/ Have you everheard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains?(你是否聽說過那個(gè)去過喜馬拉 雅山的人?)/ How often do you hear from your father?(隔多久你收到你父親的信?)/ Helearned the musician himself was in town.(他聽說音樂家本人就在城里)(15)speak、talk、say、tell的用法：四個(gè)詞與“說”有關(guān)。speak“講話、發(fā)言、演說”,是不 及物動(dòng)詞,涉及人時(shí)要加介詞to,speak作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)后面跟語言名稱;talk“談話、閑談”, 是不及物動(dòng)詞,涉及人時(shí)用介詞with、to等,涉及事情時(shí)后面跟介詞about等;say是及物動(dòng)詞, 后面跟名詞、代詞、從句等,表示說的內(nèi)容;tell是及物動(dòng)詞,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟從句 或者介詞短語等。如：Do you speak English?(你講英語嗎?)/ Who spoke at the meeting?(誰在會(huì)上發(fā)了言?)/ Our teacher is talking to Lin Tao’s parent.(我們的老師正在跟林濤的家 長講話)/ Can you say it in English?(你能用英語說出它嗎?)/ Please tell me something aboutthe strange flying object.(請(qǐng)跟我講講那個(gè)奇怪的飛行物的事情吧) (16)be able to(do)、can的用法：can是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,有許多含義,表示“可能、可以、會(huì)”等意 思,只有現(xiàn)在式can和過去式could兩種形式;be able to表示能力上“會(huì)”,有多種時(shí)態(tài)形式,to后面跟動(dòng)詞原形,有時(shí)可以與can/could互換。如：Can you speak English?(你會(huì)說英語嗎?)/He couldn’t(wasn’t able to) swim when he was 12.(他十二歲時(shí)不會(huì)游泳) (17)there be、have的用法：兩個(gè)詞都可以譯為“有”,但是,have表示的是“擁有”,主語必 須是人或者物;there be表示“存在”的概念,主語在there be之后。如：How many brothersand sisters do you have? I have only one brother.(你有多少兄弟?我只有一個(gè)兄弟。)/ Howmany chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none.(他們教室里有多少張桌 椅?一張也沒有。)[注解]there be sb./sth doing與there be sb./sth to do有所不同：用doing表示一個(gè)正在發(fā) 生的事情,而用to do則表示一個(gè)滯后或遲于there be的動(dòng)作。如：Look! There is a doglying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothing for you to do tonight.(18)borrow、lend、keep的用法：表示“借”的三個(gè)詞,borrow“借進(jìn)”、lend“出借”都是 一次性動(dòng)作,不可以和表示一段的時(shí)間狀語連用;keep“保存”用來表示借一段時(shí)間。如：I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. What can I do?(我丟掉了從老師那里借來的 書)/ How long have you kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months!(呃,我的字典你借 了多久了?兩個(gè)多月了!) (19)bring、take、carry、send、lift的用法：bring 指從遠(yuǎn)處“拿來”;take 指從面前“拿走”; carry 指一般的搬運(yùn),不涉及方向;send 主要指“送、派遣、寄”;lift 指把東西由低向高“提 起、拎起”。例略。 (20)hope、wish的用法：兩個(gè)詞都表示“希望”,但是,hope表達(dá)有把握或信心實(shí)現(xiàn)的事 情,后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式或者賓語從句,不可以跟動(dòng)名詞或作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式;wish表 達(dá)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大的事情,后面跟名詞、賓語從句(用過去時(shí))或者作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定 式。 如：We all hope to see him very soon.( 我們?nèi)�都希望盡快見到他 )/ I hope it will be finetomorrow so that we can go out.(我希望明天天好,這樣我們就能出去了。)/ How I wish it wasnot raining at the moment!(我多么希望此刻不在下雨!)(事實(shí)上天正在下雨) (21)take、spend、pay、cost的用法：spend的賓語通常是金錢或時(shí)間, 句型：sb.+(spend)+ 時(shí)間/金錢+on sth / (in) doingsth.;take的主語通常是事情,句型：sth./It + (take)+sb.+時(shí)間+to do…。(如果是動(dòng)作則常用it作形 式主語將動(dòng)詞不定式后移);cost的賓語通常是時(shí)間、金錢、力氣,句型：sth. +(cost)+sb.+時(shí)間/金錢/力氣. ;pay的賓語通常是金錢,句型：sb.+(pay)+金錢+for+事物. 如：She spent the whole night reading the novel.(她花了一個(gè)晚上看那本小說)/ This job willtake me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job.(做這件事情要花我兩天的時(shí)間)/ Howmuch does a house like this cost?(像這樣的房子要花多少錢?)/ I paid him twenty dollars forthe book..(我花了 20 元從他那兒買了書) (22)begin、start的用法：begin在大多數(shù)情況下可以替代start,(反義詞是end),后面接不定 式或動(dòng)名詞時(shí)區(qū)別不大,但是start還可以表示“開始、出發(fā)、啟動(dòng)”,反義詞是stop;某事 停止后再重新開始一般用start.如：When did you begin/start to learn English?(你什么時(shí)候 開始學(xué)英語的?)/ They started getting in the crops after the rain stopped.(雨停后他們開始收 割莊稼)/ This time he could not start his car. (這次他沒法啟動(dòng)他的汽車) (23)arrive in/at、reach、get to的用法：arrive是不及物動(dòng)詞,到達(dá)具體地點(diǎn)時(shí)后面加介詞at, 到達(dá)一個(gè)大的地方 ( 國家、城市 ) 時(shí)后面加介詞in,arrive后面可以直接跟地點(diǎn)副詞here/there/home等;get表示“到達(dá)”時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞,涉及地點(diǎn)(無論大小)時(shí)后面加to,get后面可以直接跟地點(diǎn)副詞here等;reach是及物動(dòng)詞,后面直接跟地點(diǎn)名詞。如：Hearrived in San Francisco last Sunday.(上個(gè)星期天他抵達(dá)舊金山)/ How did you get there in thenight?( 你是怎樣在夜間到達(dá)那里的? )/ We hurried all the way and reached the station justminutes before the train left. (我們一路狂奔在火車啟動(dòng)前 5 分鐘到達(dá)車站) (24)be made of、be made from、be made into、be made in、be made by、be made for的區(qū) 別：be made of指從制成品中可以看得出原材料,而be made from則指從制成品中看不出原材料, 口語中都可以換成be made out of。be made into表示“被制成……”,be made in表達(dá) 被制造的地點(diǎn),be made by表達(dá)制造的人,be made for表達(dá)被制造的目的。如：This kind ofpaper is made from bamboo.(這種紙是由竹子生產(chǎn)的)/ The desk is made of wood and metal.five(桌子是鐵和木頭打的)/ A lot of paper has been made into paper birds.(許多紙被折疊成了小 鳥)/ Computers are made in these cities.(計(jì)算機(jī)是在這幾個(gè)城市制造的)/ This kite was madeby Uncle Wang.( 這個(gè)風(fēng)箏是王叔叔做的 )/ A big bag was made for me to hold my wastethings.(一只大包做好了讓我裝廢物)(25)be used for、be used to、used to、get used to的區(qū)別：be used for+名詞/代詞或動(dòng)名詞,be used to+動(dòng)詞原形,表示兩個(gè)短語意思相近,表示“用于…”。used to+動(dòng)詞原形,表示“過去 常常”,否定式可以是“didn’t use to”也可以是“usedn’t to”;get/be used to+動(dòng)名詞,表示“習(xí) 慣于….”。如：A knife can be used for cutting things.(刀可以用來割東西)/ A knifecan be used to cut things.(刀可以用來割東西)/ He used to borrow novels from the library whenhe was at school.(他上學(xué)時(shí)常常在圖書館借書)/ He is used to getting up early in the morning. (他習(xí)慣早起)(26)beat,win與lose：beat(打敗),后面跟“人”,而win(贏得),后面跟“比賽、競(jìng)賽”等。如：Who won at last?(最后誰贏了?)/ Class Three beat us 5-0.(三班以 5∶0 打敗了我們)/ I amsure to win the match.(我一定能贏得比賽) 而lose則表示“輸了”,常用句型：lose sth. to sb.如：Unluckily we lost the match to ClassThree. (不幸的是我們比賽輸給了三班) (27)grow、plant、keep的區(qū)別：plant著重講“栽、種植”這個(gè)動(dòng)作,grow則指種植以后的“栽 培”、“管理”,而keep則主要指“喂養(yǎng)”、“贍養(yǎng)”一個(gè)人或者動(dòng)物。如 ：He grew vegetables inhis garden.(他在園子里種菜)/ I planted ten trees last year,but four of them died.(去年我栽 了 10 棵樹,但是死了 4 棵)/ Old women enjoy keeping cats or dogs to kill the time. (老年的婦女 喜歡養(yǎng)貓養(yǎng)狗打發(fā)時(shí)間) (28)fall、drop的區(qū)別：fall指東西由高處向下墜落,不及物動(dòng)詞;也可以作連系動(dòng)詞,意思是 “變得,進(jìn)入某種狀態(tài)”。drop表示物體由高處往低處落下,不及物動(dòng)詞;或讓物體落向低處, 及物動(dòng)詞。如：The man fell off the tractor and hurt himself.(那個(gè)人從拖拉機(jī)上摔下來跌傷 了)/ Soon after they touched the pillows they fell(系動(dòng)詞)fast asleep.(他們頭挨枕頭不久就睡 著了)/ He felt as if he had to drop maths.(他覺得似乎要放棄數(shù)學(xué))/ He dropped a letter into themail-box.(他向郵箱里丟了一封信) (29)join、join in、take part in的區(qū)別：join多指參加組織、團(tuán)體、黨派等,后面跟人時(shí)表示 和某人一起參加某項(xiàng)活動(dòng);join in指參加某項(xiàng)游戲或活動(dòng);take part in多指參加群眾性的 活動(dòng)、運(yùn)動(dòng)、會(huì)議等。如：He joined the army in 2001.( 他 2001 年參軍)/ They joined me incongratulating you.(他們和我一起向你祝賀)/ Do join us in the game.(千萬參加我們的比賽) /He took an active part in the students’ movement in the 1940s.(在二十世紀(jì) 40 年代他積極參加 學(xué)生運(yùn)動(dòng)) (30)beat、hit、strike的用法區(qū)別：beat指“連續(xù)不斷地打擊;(心臟的)跳動(dòng)”;hit指“一次性 地撞擊、命中”;strike與hit基本同義,還可以理解為“劃(火柴)、給……深刻的印象”。 如：The man looks dead,but his heart is still beating weakly.(那個(gè)人看上去死了可心臟還在微 弱地跳動(dòng))/ He hit the ball so hard that it flew over their heads and fell into the lake.(他踢球的 勁太大球飛過他們的頭頂落入水中)/ He went into the room and struck a match(火柴). (他走 進(jìn)房間劃著了一根火柴)(31)carry on、carry out的區(qū)別：carry on表示“進(jìn)行、繼續(xù)”;carry out表示“進(jìn)行、貫徹、 實(shí)現(xiàn)”。如：I will carry on the work.(我會(huì)繼續(xù)工作)/ I have some difficulties in carrying out hisorders.(對(duì)于執(zhí)行他的命令我有問題)(32)be amazed與be surprised的區(qū)別：be amazed“感到驚訝”,指人對(duì)某個(gè)不可能發(fā)生卻實(shí)際發(fā) 生了的事情感到極其的訝異;be surprised“感到吃驚”指人對(duì)突發(fā)的事件感到驚訝。如：When he dived deep into the sea, he was amazed at the colours of all the beautiful coral reefs.(他深潛到海中時(shí)被所有美麗的珊瑚礁驚呆了)/ He was very surprised when he heard a loudnoise from inside the room. (聽到房間里傳出一個(gè)很大的聲音他非常地吃驚)(33)warn的用法：“warn sb. of/about sth”意思是“針對(duì)…而警告某人”;“warn sb (not) to dosth”意思是“告戒某人(不)要做某事”;“warn sb. + that從句”意思是“警告某人說……”。 如：They warned the passengers of thieves.(他警告路人小心竊賊)/ I warn you that you willfail in the coming exams if you are still so lazy.(我警告你：如果你還這么懶在即將來到的考 試中你會(huì)不及格的。)/ He was warned not to go out in the late night. (他受到警告不要在深夜 出去)(34)think of與think about等短語的區(qū)別：think of表示“考慮、思念、認(rèn)為、想起、建議”等; “think about”表示“看待、認(rèn)為”;“think much /highly /a lot of”表示“高度評(píng)價(jià)…”; “think over”表示“仔細(xì)考慮”;“think out”表示“想出”。如：The headmaster thoughthighly of this boy.(校長高度地評(píng)價(jià)了這個(gè)男孩)/ We’re thinking of going to France for our holiday.(我們?cè)诳紤]去法國度假的事情)/ Think it over and you will have a way.(仔細(xì)考慮就有辦法)/ Icannot think of his name. I forgot it. ( 我想不起他的名字我忘了) /-What do you thinkabout his composition?-Very good!(他的作文你覺得怎么樣? 很好。)(35)agree with/ agree to / agree on等詞語用法：“agree to+動(dòng)詞”表示“同意做某事”,“agreewith + sb./觀點(diǎn)”表示“贊同…的觀點(diǎn)”/agree about表示“對(duì)…話題有相同看法”/“agree to+建議”表示“同意”某人的建議,“agree on+ 決定”表示“贊成某人的決定”。例略。 (36)deserve(應(yīng)該,應(yīng)得)的用法：deserve后面可以加不定式,也可以加名詞。如：They had triedtheir best and they deserved to win.(他們盡力了該贏。)/ The little boy always made troublesaround and deserved beating.(小男孩總是處處惹麻煩活該被打)/ The girl did a good deedand deserved praise.(女孩做了好事應(yīng)該受到表揚(yáng))

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