動(dòng)名詞的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
動(dòng)名詞，指的是動(dòng)詞ing形式的一種，兼有動(dòng)詞和名詞特征的非限定動(dòng)詞。它可以支配賓語，也能被副詞修飾。動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。英語中的動(dòng)名詞是由動(dòng)詞變化而來。
動(dòng)名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)形式
否定結(jié)構(gòu)
動(dòng)名詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)由not 動(dòng)名詞組成。例如：
Trying without success is better than not trying at all.實(shí)驗(yàn)沒有成功也比不實(shí)驗(yàn)好。
He hated himself for not having work hard.他悔恨自己沒有用功。
I’m sorry for not having telephoned you before.很抱歉，沒有提早給你打電話。
He felt sorry for not having done the work well.他為沒有把工作做好感到難過。
I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going.我看不去對(duì)你倒好了。(not going 是動(dòng)名詞一般式的否定形式)
There is no denying the fact that he si diligent. (no denying 也是動(dòng)名詞一般式的否定)
復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
通常情況下，動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語為謂語動(dòng)詞的主語。如果動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者不是謂語動(dòng)的主語時(shí)，則需要有自己的邏輯主語物主代詞或名詞所有格加動(dòng)名詞就構(gòu)成了動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可以作主語，賓語等。
1.邏輯主語是有生命的名詞作主語時(shí)，必須用名詞或代詞所有格，作賓語時(shí)(尤其在口語中)，也可用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格。如：
Do you think my going there will be of any help?
你看我去會(huì)有什么幫助嗎?(主語)這里包含著一個(gè)賓語從句。
The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French.這位學(xué)生通曉英語對(duì)他學(xué)法語很有幫助。(主語)
Do you mind my(me) smoking你介意我抽煙嗎?(賓語)
They insist on Mary’s (Mary) going with them there.他們堅(jiān)持要瑪麗跟他們一起去那兒。(介詞賓語)
2.邏輯主語是無生命名詞是，通常只用名詞普通格。如：
Do you hear the rain pattering on the roof?你聽見雨點(diǎn)打在屋頂上了嗎?
Is there any hope of our team winning the match我們對(duì)贏得比賽有希望嗎?
3.邏輯主語是指示代詞或不定代詞this ,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone 時(shí)，只用普通格。如：
She was woken up by somebody shouting outside.她被外面喊叫的人吵醒了。
帶有邏輯主語的動(dòng)名詞稱為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時(shí)，要在動(dòng)名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格，這便構(gòu)成了動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中物主代詞(名詞所有格)是邏輯上的主語，動(dòng)名詞是邏輯上的謂語。動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、賓語、表語等，分別相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句。如：
Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他來幫忙鼓舞了我們所有人。(=That she came to help encouraged all of us.)
Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. 簡(jiǎn)的粗心惹來了不少麻煩。(=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)
What’s troubling them is their not having enough food. 煩擾他們的是食物不足。(=What’s troubling them is that they have not enough food.)
在口語中，如果動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語，其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞賓格，名詞所有格常用名詞普通格來代替，但在句首作主語時(shí)不能這樣來代替。如：
Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的電腦介意嗎?
The father insisted on his son’s/his son going to college. 爸爸堅(jiān)決要求兒子上大學(xué)。
Mary’s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset.瑪麗病了，使她媽媽很著急。
His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽煙使他一家人非常生氣。
在下列情況下動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語必須用名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓語：
a. 無命名詞
The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 這個(gè)嬰兒被猛烈的關(guān)門聲吵醒。
b. 有生命名詞但表示泛指意義
Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你聽說過婦女練拳擊嗎?
c. 兩個(gè)以上的有生命名詞并列
Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你記得你父母和我都告訴過你這事嗎?
一般式
(1) 動(dòng)名詞的一般式: doing
所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之后。如：
We are very interested in collecting stamps.我們對(duì)集郵很感興趣。
His coming will be of great help to us .他來對(duì)我們大有幫助。
但是有些明確表示時(shí)間的動(dòng)詞和介詞 after,on,upon,或for之后，常用一般式代替完成式，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。如：
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記第一次看到長(zhǎng)城的情景。
On hearing that bad news,the mother couldn’t help crying.一聽到這個(gè)糟糕的消息，母親就禁不住哭了起來。
Excuse me for coming late.我來晚了，請(qǐng)?jiān)彙?/p>
Thank you for giving us so much help.謝謝你給了我們這么多幫助。
(2) 動(dòng)名詞的完成式: having done
所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語動(dòng)詞之前完成或結(jié)束。
He regrets not having taken part in the work.他后悔沒有參加這項(xiàng)工作。
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.我們因提前完成了這項(xiàng)工作而受到了表揚(yáng)。
(3) 動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式：being done
當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是行為承受者時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：
I like being given harder work.我喜歡接受難點(diǎn)的工作。
She is proud of being admitted into the university.她為被大學(xué)錄取而感到自豪。
The meeting was put off without his having been consulted.會(huì)議延期并未和他商量。
He doesn’t mind having been criticized.他不介意過去受到的批評(píng)。
動(dòng)名詞的用法
作主語
Reading is an art. 讀書是一種藝術(shù)。
Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。
Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在這種工作條件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。
動(dòng)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單三形式
動(dòng)名詞作主語，在動(dòng)詞的基礎(chǔ)上加Ing,使該動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語，有名詞的各種特征，可作名詞靈活使用。如：
It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk.覆水難收
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 勸說這樣的人加入真是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上這種擁擠的車真難。
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子們一起玩真好。
There is no joking about such matters. 對(duì)這種事情不是開玩笑。
動(dòng)名詞作主語的幾種類型
動(dòng)名詞可以在句子中充當(dāng)名詞所能充當(dāng)?shù)亩喾N句子成分。在這里僅就動(dòng)名詞在句子中作主語的情況進(jìn)行討論。
動(dòng)名詞作主語有如下幾種常見情況：
1. 直接位于句首做主語。例如：
Swimming is a good sport in summer.
2. 用 it 作形式主語，把動(dòng)名詞(真實(shí)主語)置于句尾作后置主語。
動(dòng)名詞做主語時(shí)，不太常用 it 作先行主語，多見于某些形容詞及名詞之后。例如：
It is no use telling him not to worry.
常見的能用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞還有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。
注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容詞不能用于上述結(jié)構(gòu)。
3. 用于“There be”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：
There is no saying when he'll come.很難說他何時(shí)回來。
4. 用于布告形式的省略結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：
No smoking ( =Smokingisnotallowedhere ). (禁止吸煙)
No parking. (禁止停車)
5. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語
當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞有自己的邏輯主語時(shí)，�？梢栽谇懊婕由弦粋�(gè)名詞或代詞的所有格，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(——這時(shí)，名詞或代詞的所有格做動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語)。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也可以在句中作主語。例如：
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
6.例詞
shopping fishing cycling這些都是很常見的動(dòng)名詞
動(dòng)名詞作主語與動(dòng)詞不定式作主語的比較
動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以用作主語。在意義上相近。但動(dòng)名詞多用來表示泛指或抽象動(dòng)作，不定式多用來表示特指或具體動(dòng)作。比較：
Smoking is not good for health.
It is not good for you to smoke so much.
注意：
1) 在口語中，用動(dòng)名詞作主語位于句首的較不定式多見。
2) 在“It is no use...”，“It is no good...”，“It is fun...”，“It is a waste of time...”等句型中，通常用動(dòng)名詞作真實(shí)主語：
It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.
*It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.
3) 在疑問句中，通常用動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語：
Does your saying that mean anything to him?
*Does for you to say that mean anything to him?
4) 在“There be”句型中，只能用動(dòng)名詞，而不能用不定式作主語：
There is no telling what will happen.
It is impossible to tell what will happen.
5) 當(dāng)句子中的主語和表語都是非限定動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要遵循前后一致的原則，主語和表語在形式上要求統(tǒng)一：
Seeing is believing.
*To see is to believe.
作賓語
1.作動(dòng)詞的賓語
某些動(dòng)詞后出現(xiàn)非限定性動(dòng)詞時(shí)只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，不能用不定式。常見的此類動(dòng)詞有：
admit,appreciate,excuse,stand,advise,allow,permit,avoid,consider,enjoy,finish,give up,cannot help(can't help),imagine,include,keep,understand,keep on,mind,report,risk,miss,put off,delay,practise,resist,suggest,depend on,think about,set about,succeed in,worry about,burst out,insist on,feel like,be used to,get used to,devote…to…，look forward to,pay attention to,get down to,escape 等。如：
They went on walking and never stopped talking.他們繼續(xù)走，說個(gè)不停。
I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海灘上走真是樂事。
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
每當(dāng)馬克違反交通規(guī)則時(shí)，他常常企圖逃避罰款的處分。
有些動(dòng)詞之后既可接動(dòng)詞不定式，又可接動(dòng)名詞，可把這類動(dòng)詞分為三種類型：兩種形式所表達(dá)的含義基本相同，可以互換。這類動(dòng)詞有：
attempt ，begin，cease，continue，intend，omit，start，cannot bear，decline，disdain，loathe，neglect，commence。例如：
They ceased talking/to talk.他們停止說話。
Prices will continue to rise/rising.物價(jià)將繼續(xù)上揚(yáng)。
What do you intend to do/doing next?你下一步打算干什么?
賓語用不定式和動(dòng)名詞所表達(dá)的含義略有變化。用不定式作賓語時(shí)，表示特定的一次性的未來動(dòng)作;用動(dòng)名詞則表示一般的行為，或者是目前正在進(jìn)行的行為。也可以說，動(dòng)名詞表示泛指的動(dòng)作，而不定式表示特指的動(dòng)作。常這樣用的動(dòng)詞有：hate，like，love，prefer，dread等。
例如：
Would you like to go with me?你想跟我一起走嗎?
He preferred to do this rather than do that.他寧愿做這件事，而不愿做那件事。
2.作介詞的賓語
動(dòng)詞+介詞+動(dòng)名詞
例如：The rain prevented us from completing the work.下雨妨礙我們完成工作。
She complains of the book being too difficult.她抱怨這本書太難。
形容詞+介詞+動(dòng)名詞
例如：I know who is responsible for breaking the window.我知道窗戶是誰打破的。
名詞+介詞+動(dòng)名詞
例如：There are many ways of doing it.有許多方法可以做這件事。
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.我們正考慮為下學(xué)期制定新的計(jì)劃。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work?我們休息呢還是開始干活?
there be和it is也可變?yōu)閯?dòng)名詞there being 和it being與介詞連用。
例如：The car stoppedbecause of there being no fuel in the tank.
因?yàn)橛拖淅餂]有油，所以汽車停了下來。
介詞+動(dòng)名詞也可在句中作狀語，表示時(shí)間、條件等。
例如：On leaving school,he went into business.一離開學(xué)校，他就投身到商業(yè)中去了。
3.作形容詞的賓語
The music is well worth listening to more than once. 這種曲子很值得多聽?zhēng)妆椤?/p>
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我們正為馬上到來的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)忙著做準(zhǔn)備。
作表語
動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)句子主語常是表示無生命的事物的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。表語動(dòng)名詞與主語通常是對(duì)等的關(guān)系，表示主語的內(nèi)容，主語、表語可互換位置。如果句中的主語和表語同為動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要注意保持兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞在形式上的一致。
例：
Your task is cleaning the windows.你的任務(wù)就是擦窗戶。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at.我最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑。(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
The most popular pastime is playing chess.最大眾化的消遣是下棋(The most popular pastime is to play chess.)
The only thing that interests her is working.她唯一感興趣的事就是工作.
作定語
動(dòng)名詞作定語往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。如：
a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring
sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping
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